Mythology as History
Key:
| † Dying and Rising God
| ¤ Sun God
| * Nation-State Storm God (Bel/Ba'al)
|
| >> Transition of state power
| ==> Movement of person or idea or flight of a group of people
|
Colors in 1st half: Blue: Sumerian; Red: East Semitic; Purple: West Semitic; Dark Blue: Neo-Sumerian; Brown: Assyrian; Pink: Babylonian
Gray Italic with Question Mark (?): Speculative
Bold Underline: Shows how godly lineages in Mesopotamian myth correlate to the primary gods of the previous historical time periods
Underline or Italic: Shows a correlation to another nearby underlined or italicized word
Numbered Cultures: Shows repetitive cycle of imperial power moving down the Euphrates from 1. Canaan to 2. Assyria to 3. Babylonia to 4. Sumer
| Culture | Symbol | Primary Deity | Temple / Politics | King | Date | Location | Bible Name |
| The Age of the Venus Goddess |
The Babylonian Enuma Elish, dated to the 1100s B.C., promulgated this Family Tree:
Tiamat & Apsu ==> Lahmu & Lahamu ==> An-shar & Ki-shar ==> Anu ==> Enlil, Ea ==> *Bel Marduk (lit. Amar-Utu)
| Old World | Faceless Mother | "Venus" | ----| 27,000s | Africa, Asia, Europe
| Venus=East Star (Easter)
| | Hassuna | Lioness | Lion Lady | ----| 6400s | Jericho >> Assyria
| Asherah (Inanna / Ishtar)
| Halafian? | Serpent (of Eden)
| Nammu (Tiamat)
| ----| 5900s | Anatolia? >> Assyria
| tehom (Tiamat; Ocean deep in Gen. 1:2)
| The Age of the Wise City God |
| Ubaid (Proto-Sumerian)
| Fish (Harappan?) |
Enki (Ea, Apsu)
| Enki's Temple in Eridu is called
E-abzu, "House of the abyss"
| Alulim (=Hurrian Alalu?), Apkallu priests
| 5300s | Assyria >> Eridu | Enoch, son of Cain
| Serpent (Lamia? =Lilith?) |
Lulal, Son of †Dumuzi (Lahmu =Beth-Lehem? =†Adonis?)
| †Dumuzi's Temple in Bad-Tibira; Lahmu is Enki's serpent gatekeeper
| Dumuzi the Shepherd (†Dumuzi's sister is a wine goddess)
| 3000s
| Eridu >> Bad-Tibira ("Fortress of Smiths")
| Tubal-Cain ("Bringer of Smiths"), Noah (Creator of wine)
| | The Flood Sweeps Over
| | The Age of the Amurru Sky Father God (Heroic Age) |
The Neo-Sumerian king Shulgi, who reigned around 2000 B.C., promulgated this Family Tree:
Nammu
==> An & Ki
==> Enki, Enlil ==> Nanna-Suen ==> ¤Utu, Inanna (who marries Enki's son Dumuzi)
| 1. Proto-Amorite Empire?
| Eagle-headed staff
| Zababa (=Anzu)(An-shar & Ki-shar?)
| Zababa's temple in Kish; Anzu is Enlil's temple griffon-guardian
| Etana the Shepherd (Eagle-rider)
| 2700s
| Kish
| Etana Myth: Serpent brood eaten by Eagle; ¤Utu hides Serpent in Bull to beat Eagle; Etana saves Eagle
Sumerian
| Bull, Lioness
| An, Inanna
| An and Inanna's temples in Uruk
| Gilgamesh, Enkidu (=Dumuzi the Fisherman) | 2500s
| Kish >> Uruk
| Qumran's Book of Giants has Gilgamesh and Humbaba
| The Age of the Akkadian Air and Time God |
| 3. Akkadian Empire | Bull, Lioness
| Enlil, Ishtar (=Inanna)
| Ishtar's temple in Agade; Both temples in Nippur
| Sargon
| 2200s
| Uruk III >> Agade
| Nimrod (=Sargon)
| | 4. Neo-Sumerian Empire | Crescent Moon
| Nanna-Suen
| Nanna-Suen's temple in Ur | Ur-Nammu | 2000s
| Lagash, Uruk_V >> Ur_III
| Terah, Abraham
| ¤Sun, Lioness
| ¤Utu, Inanna
| ¤Utu's temple:Larsa
Inanna's temple:Uruk
| Shulgi, son of Ur-Nammu | 2000s
| Elam >> Ur_III | Ur_III Allies: Larsa, Uruk
| The Age of the Amorite ¤Sun God |
| 1. Amorite Invasions (Old Canaanite) | *Ninurta v. Anzu (Griffon-man v. griffon) | Enlil, ¤Shamash, *Ninurta, Gula (*Ninurta's wife)
| Gula's temple in Isin; ¤Shamash's main temples in Sippar and Larsa
| Ishbi-Irra, Gungunum
| 1900s
| Ur III >> Isin,Larsa
| Og, Magog; Enlil's son *Ninurta hunts Anzu
| 2. Old Assyrian Empire | Winged ¤Sun disc
| ¤Shamash, *Ninurta, Ashur
| Suen-Shamash's temple in Assur
| Shamshi-Adad | 1800s
| Assur
| Ishtar and ¤Shamash's temples in Ninevah
| 3. Old Babylonian Empire
| *Ninurta v. Asag demon
| *Ninurta, ¤Marduk (lit. Amar-Utu)
| *Ninurta temples in Nippur, Lagash, Babylon, Assyria
| Hammurabi
| 1700s
| Larsa, Ashur >> Babylon | Amraphel (=Hammurabi)
| | Kassite Empire
| Winged ¤Sun disc
| ¤Shamash
| ¤Shamash's temples also in Nippur, Ur, Babylon
| Agum II
| 1500s
| Babylon
| Myth of Adapa (=Adam)
| | The Age of the Canaanite *Storm God |
The An ==> Enki, Enlil ==> Nanna-Suen ==> ¤Shamash lineage has a similar family tree to later *Storm god myths:
El the Bull (Enlil), Dagon (Enki) ==> *†Ba'al Hadad in the Canaanite Ba'al Cycle (1300s B.C.),
Alalu ==> Anu ==> Kumarbi (Enlil) ==> *Teshub in Hurrian/Hittite Kingship in Heaven (1300s B.C.), and
Uranus (Anu) ==> Chronos (Enlil) ==> *Zeus in Hesiod's Theogony (700 B.C.)
| | Hurrian Empire | Crescent Moon, Bull
| Suen, Teshub
| Suen's temple in Ur, Harran
| Hittite King Mursili_I takes Marduk idol
| 1500s
| Babylon >> Hatti >> Mitanni
| Abraham of Ur, Haran (=Harran)
| 1. Canaanite Empire
| *Storm god v. Dragon & Death
| El the Bull, *†Ba'al Hadad (Adad)
| *†Ba'al Hadad's temple in Aleppo (Syria)
| 1400s
| Ugarit (Syria)
| Canaan, son of Ham
| | Hittite Empire
| *Storm god v. Dragon & Pazuzu
| Anu, *Teshub
| *Teshub's temple in Hattusa
| Tudhaliya I
| 1300s
| Babylon, Hatti >> Hattusa
| Son of Canaan
| | Egyptian Empire
| ¤Sun disc
| ¤Amun-Ra
| ¤Amun's temple in Thebes
| Amenhotep III | 1300s
| Thebes
| Mizraim, son of Ham
| | Atenist
| ¤Sun disc
| ¤Aten-Ra
| ¤Atum's temple in Heliopolis
| Akhenaten, son of Amenhotep III | 1300s | Thebes >> Amarna
| Joseph, priest of Heliopolis (=Yuya)
| Midianite
| Volcano (=Mt. Sinai)
| Yahweh (=volcano god)
| Volcanoes in Arabia and Yemen
| Ramose (=Moses)
| 1300s
| Arabia, Sinai
| Jethro
| | Shasu
| Lion-man
| Yahweh
| Picture of "Yahweh of Yemen" (as Bes) and Asherah found in Sinai stopover station
| 1200s
| Moab (S. Transjordan)
| Asherah is Yahweh's wife (1200s-750s)
| 2. Middle Assyrian Empire
| Radiating disc
| *Bel Ashur (=*Ninurta)
| Ashur, Anu-Adad's temples in Assur
| Tukulti-Ninurta I takes Marduk idol
| 1200s
| Hatti, Babylon >> Assur
| Assur, Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta
| | Middle Elamite Empire
| Roundel
| Khumban (Anu)
| Kutir-Nahhunte takes Marduk idol to Susiana;
Prophecy of Marduk: Marduk goes to Hatti, Assyria, Elam
| 1100s
| Babylon >> Susiana
| Elam, oldest son of Shem
| | 3. Middle Babylonian Empire
| *Storm god v. Tiamat
| Nebuchadnezzar I returns *Marduk idol to Babylon from Elam;
Enuma Elish: *Marduk is now a storm god & head of the pantheon
| 1100s
| Babylon
| Merodach
(Jer. 50:2)
| Proto-Israelite?
| None (Iconoclastic)
| Yahweh?
| Conservative
| (Canaanite terrace farmers?)
| 1100s
| Israel, Transjordan
| Judges era
| Judean
| *Storm god v. Dragon (Leviathan)
| *Yahweh of Armies (Psalms, Isaiah)
| Hierarchist
| David
| 900s | Moab >> Jerusalem
| David's son: Beeliada ("Ba'al knows")
| The Age of the Israelite Golden Calves (Early Axial Age) |
| 1. Phoenician Empire (Neo-Canaanite)
| *Storm god v. Dragon
| *Ba'al Melqart (Hercules), Bes
| Hierarchist
| Jezebel
| 800s
| Tyre, Sidon
| Asherah
| Omri Empire (Samaritan)
| *Storm god v. Dragon
| *Ba'al Zebul (Zebub=Zababa?)
| Hierarchist
| Omri, Ahab
| 800s
| Samaria
| Asherah
| Transjordanian?
| Fire
| Yahweh (as El)
| Conservative
| Elijah ("El is Yah[weh]")
| 800s
| Transjordan
| Tishbite
| Israelite (P)
| Bull (Golden Calf)
| El the Bull
| Hierarchist
| Jehu, Jeroboam "II" (=Aaron, Jeroboam I)
| 800s
| Samaria >> Shechem
| Golden Calves at Beth-El and Dan
| Zadokite (J)
| Ark of the Covenant
| Yahweh
| Hierarchist | Jehoram (=Solomon)
| 800s
| Jerusalem
| J era
| | Levite (E, D)
| Law (Iconoclastic)
| Yahweh-Our-Elohim
| Conservative
| Samuel, Abiathar
| 700s
| Shiloh ==> Jerusalem
| E era
| | 2.Neo-Assyrian Empire
| *Storm god v. Tiamat
| *Bel Ashur
| Hierarchist
| Shalmaneser V (Hezekiah era)
| 700s
| Israel >> Nimrud
| P era (Fall of Israel)
| | 3.Chaldean Empire (Neo-Babylonian)
| *Storm god v. Tiamat
| *Bel Marduk
| Hierarchist | Nebuchanezzar (Josiah era)
| 500s
| Nimrud,Judah >> Babylon
| D era (Babylonian Exile)
| | Zoroastrian (Persian Empire)
| Winged ¤Sun disc, Fire
| Ahura Mazda
| Hierarchist
| Cyrus the Messiah
| 400s
| Babylon >> Pasargadae
| Zoroastrian Magi = Wise Men
| | Jew
| Torah
| Yahweh-Elohim
| Hierarchist
| Ezra
| 400s
| Jerusalem
| Torah compiled
| | The Age of Greek Philosophy (Late Axial Age) |
| Delian League (Athenian Empire) |
Griffon |
*Zeus (Anzu, Pazuzu)
| Liberal
| Pericles
| 400s
| Athens
| Athens Temple: Hephaestus & Athena
| | Platonist (Macedonian Empire)
| Eagle
| *Zeus
| Hierarchist
| Socrates >> Plato >> Aristotle >> Alexander
| 300s
| Athens, Pasargadae >> Macedon
| Enochian literature compiled
| Cynic
| Dog
| Nature
| Radical
| Socrates >> Antisthenes
>?>Diogenes
| 300s
| Athens >> Macedon
| Staff,cloak,sack (Pseudo-Diogenes, Peregrinus 24, Mark 6:8-9)
| | Epicurean | Venus | Agnostic | Liberal | Epicurus | 200s | Athens | "Unknown God" (Acts 17:23)
| | Hasmonian | Menorah | Adonai | Hierarchist | Alexander Jannaeus | 100s | Antioch >> Jerusalem | Maccabees, Sadducees
| | Pharisee
| Tanakh
| Adonai
| Conservative
| Salome Alexandra (wife of Jannaeus)
| 100s | Jerusalem
| Old Testament
| Essene
| Apocalyptic Messiah
| Adonai
| Radical
| †Teacher of Righteousness (=Honi III)
| 100s | Qumran
| Daniel, Q2, M Sources
| Nazarene
| Stone of Jacob
| Yahweh
| Radical
| †Yeshu (=Honi the Circle Drawer)
| 0s B.C. | Galilee | Toledot, Talmud
| Roman Empire
| Eagle
| *Jupiter
| Hierarchist
| Pompey, Caesar
| 0s B.C.
| Jerusalem >> Rome
| Herod
| | Zealot
| Dagger
| Adonai
| Hierarchist
| Judas of Galilee (=Judas Iscariot/Sicarii)
| 0s B.C.
| Galilee ==> Jerusalem
| Simon the Zealot
| | Stoic
| Tau Cross
| Theos
| Radical
| †Nero
| 0s A.D.
| Alexandria, Antioch, Rome
| Q1, L Sources, Sermon on the Mount
| The Apostolic Age (Rome vs. Anatolia) |
| Docetic Chrestian (Marcionite)
| New Covenant
| †Chrestos ("Righteous One")
| Radical
| Hadrian (and †Antinous)
| 100s A.D.
| Turkey ==> Rome
| Marcion
| Adoptionist
| Fish
| †Jesus (Apollo, Kybele)
| Radical
| Antoninus Pius
| 100s A.D.
| Alexandria ==> Turkey
| Peregrinus (=Paul), Mark, Cerinthus, Montanus
| Carpocratian (Nicolatian)
| Crown
| †Jesus
| Liberal
| Antoninus Pius
| 100s A.D.
| Alexandria ==> Cephalonia (Ionia Islands)
| Matthew
| Gnostic (Valentinian)
| Coptic Cross
| †Savior
| Liberal
| Hadrian, †Antinous
| 100s
| Alexandria ==> Turkey | Thomas, Valentinus
| Ebionite
| Pillar
| †Jesus
| Conservative
| Antoninus Pius
| 100s
| Jerusalem ==> Antioch
| James, Matthew
| Peterine Christian
| Gospel
| †Christos
| Conservative
| Antoninus Pius
| 100s
| Antioch ==> Ephesus
| Peter
| | Presbyter
| Logos
| †Lord
| Conservative
| Marcus Aurelius
| 100s
| Ephesus ==> Lyon
| Luke, John
| Apostolic
| Canon
| †Trinity
| Hierarchist
| Commodus
| 100s
| Lyon ==> Rome
| Irenaeus, Tertullian
| Orthodox
| Chi-Ro
| †Trinity
(=¤Sol Invictus)
| Hierarchist
| Constantine
| 300s
| Rome >> Istanbul
| Anathasius
| | Arian
| Chi-Ro
| †Son of Theos
(=¤Sol Invictus)
| Hierarchist
| Constantine
| 300s
| Rome >> Istanbul
| Arius
| | Catholic
| Cross
| †Trinity
| Conservative
| Honorius
| 400s
| Istanbul >> Rome
| Augustine
| | Greek Orthodox
| Patriarchal Cross
| †Trinity
| Conservative
| Marcian
| 400s
| Rome, Jerusalem, Istanbul
| Pope Leo I, Juvenal
| | The Middle Ages (Rome vs. Germany) |
| Goth / Hun
| Tau Cross
| †Son of Theos
| Hierarchist
| Theodoric / Atilla
| 400s
| Rome >> Germany
| "Arian"
| | Islamic
| Koran (Iconoclastic)
| Allah (=Elohim)
| Hierarchist
| Muhammed
| 600s
| Mecca, Medina
| Ishmael
| | Holy Roman Empire
| Quarternion Eagle
| †Trinity
| Hierarchist
| Charlemagne
| 900s
| Germany, France, Italy
| Dante (1300s)
| | Roman Catholic
| Rosary
| †Trinity & Holy Mother Church
| Hierarchist
| Pope Leo IX
| 1000s
| Rome
| Crusader (1100s)
| | Protestant
| Printer Press Bible (Iconoclastic)
| †God
| Conservative
| Martin Luther
| 1500s
| Germany
| King James Version
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